Our Work

Beyond Defence – Bibliography

Section 1 – Introduction

  1. Garland, N.J. (2017) Territorial Oppida and the Transformation of Landscape and Society in South-Eastern Britain from BC 300 to 100 AD. Doctoral thesis, UCL.
  2. Garland, N.J. (2017) Ibid.
  3. Woolf, G. (1998). Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press.
  4. Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T., {2007) New narratives of the Later Iron Age. In: C. Haselgrove and T. Moore, (eds.), The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  5. Harding, D.W. (2012) Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. Bryant, S. (2007) ‘Central places or special places? The origins and development of “oppida” in Hertfordshire’, in Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T. (eds.) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  7. Hawkes, C.F.C. and Crummy, P. (1995) Colchester Archaeological Report 11: Camulodunum 2.
  8. Historic England (2018) Oppida Ibid.
  9. Garland, N. (2016) New perspectives on British territorial oppida: the examination of Iron Age landscapes in time and space. In, (Erskine, G J R, Jacobsson, P, Miller, P and Stetkiewicz, S (eds), Proceedings of the 17th Iron Age Research Student Symposium, Edinburgh 29th May – 1st June 2014. Archaeopress.
  10. Haselgrove, C. (2000) ‘The character of oppida in Iron Age Britain’, in Guichard, V., Sievers, S. and Urban, O.H. (eds.) Les processus d’urbanisation à l’âge du Fer: Actes du colloque Glux‑en‑Glenne, 8–11 juin 1998. Glux‑en‑Glenne: Centre archéologique européen du Mont Beuvray.
  11. Garland, N.J. (2017) Ibid.
  12. Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T. (2007) ‘New narratives of the Later Iron Age’, in Haselgrove, C. and Moore, T. (eds.) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  13. Curwen, E.C. (1951) Cross-ridge dykes in Sussex. Sussex Archaeological Collections, 89.
  14. Tilley, C. (2004) ‘Round Barrows and Dykes as Landscape Metaphors’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 14(2).
  15. Tilley, C. (2010) ‘Round Barrows and Cross Dykes as Landscape Metaphors’, in Interpreting Landscapes: Geologies, Topographies, Identities. Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology, vol. 3. Abingdon: Routledge.
  16. Tilley, C. (2004) Ibid.
  17. Brewer, R.J. (2016) ‘Cross dykes: an interpretation’, Berkshire Archaeological Journal, 82.
  18. Bell, M. (2012) The Archaeology of the Dykes. Amberley Publishing.
  19. Historic England (2018) Prehistoric Linear Boundary Earthworks: Introductions to Heritage Assets. Swindon. Historic England.
  20. Grigg, E. (2015) Early Medieval Dykes (400 to 850 AD). Doctoral thesis, University of Manchester, Faculty of Humanities.
  21. Moore, T., Reynolds, A., Garland, N. and Harris, B. (2023) ‘Crossing Crawford’s conceptual divide: monumental linear earthworks in later prehistoric and early medieval Britain’, Antiquity, 97(395).
  22. Grigg, E. (2015) Ibid.
  23. Fox, C. (1923) The Archaeology of the Cambridge Region. Cambridge University Press.
  24. Fox, C. (1923) Ibid.
  25. Grigg, E. (2015) Ibid.
  26. Fox, C. (1923) Ibid.
  27. Brownie, S. (2000) Santon Downham Parish Council. (n.d.). Black Ditches. [online] http://santondownham.org/Archive/22villagesfull/cavenham22/black_ditches.htm
  28. Heritage Gateway. (n.d.). Black Ditches, Cavenham. [online] https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=379628&resourceID=19191
  29. Johnson, B. (n.d.). Anglo-Saxon Sites in Britain. [online] Historic UK. [online] https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/AngloSaxonSites/
  30. (n.d.). The Defences of the Wuffing Kingdom. [online] https://wuffings.co.uk/index.php/wuffing-resources/the-defences-of-the-wuffing-kingdom/?doing_wp_cron=1709031185.6034579277038574218750
  31. Toulson, S. (1979) East Anglia: Walking the Ley Lines and Ancient Tracks, London, Wildwood House.
  32. Grigg, E. (2015) Ibid.
  33. Grigg, E. (2015) Ibid.
  34. Historic England (2018) Ibid.
  35. Historic England (2018) Ibid.
  36. Bell, M. (2012) Ibid.
  37. Caruth, J., (1992) CAM 032, Suffolk County Council Archaeological Unit, Bury St Edmunds.
  38. Malim, T., Penn, K., Robinson, B., Wait, G. A., and Welsh, K. (1997) “New Evidence on the Cambridgeshire Dykes and Worsted Street Roman Road.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 85.
  39. Bell, M. (2012) Ibid.
  40. Langdon, R.J. (2023) Prehistoric Canals (Dykes) – Offa’s Dyke Survey. ABC Publishing.
  41. Bell, M. (2012) Ibid.
  42. Bell, M. (2012) Ibid.
  43. Malim, T., Penn, K., Robinson, B., Wait, G. A., and Welsh, K. (1997) Ibid.
  44. Ladd, S. and Mortimer, R. (2017) The Bran Ditch: Early Iron Age Origins and Implications for Prehistoric Territories in South Cambridgeshire and the East Chilterns. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 106
  45. Wade-Martins, P. (2016). The date of the West Norfolk Earthworks: an unresolved debate. Norfolk Archaeology, 47(iii).
  46. Mortimer, R. (2019) The Early Iron Age Origins of the Cambridgeshire Dykes. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YnF8WTYiNx4
  47. Mortimer, R. (2019) Ibid,
  48. Ladd, S. and Mortimer, R. (2017) Ibid.
  49. Mortimer, R. (2019) Ibid.
  50. Barnett, D. (2017) Hillforts in Britain and Ireland reveal clues as to how our Iron Age ancestors lived. The Independent, 22 June. 
  51. Hawkes, C.F.C. (1931) ‘Hill-forts’, Antiquity, 5(17).
  52. Wheeler, R.E.M. (1943). Maiden Castle. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
  53. H.L.F. (1883) Excavations in Cranborne Chase, Vol. 1: Excavations in Southern British Hill-forts. Privately printed, Blandford.
  54. Harding, D. 2012. Iron Age Hillforts in Britain and Beyond. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  55. Harding, D.W. (2016) Death and Burial in Iron Age Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  56. Harding, D.W. (2016)
  57. Tilley, C. (2010) Ibid.
  58. Tilley, C. (2010) Ibid.
  59. Brennan, R. K. (2021) Pre-Christian Anglo-Saxon Worship. A Semantic Study. University College London. Doctoral Dissertation. English Language and Literature. Supervisor: Professor Richard North.
  60. Chadwick, A.M. (2016) Ibid.
  61. Lomsdalen, T. (2017) Different Approaches to Cosmology in Archaeology and Their Application to Maltese Prehistory. A special issue of Culture and Cosmos, Vol. 21 no. 1, Spring/Summer.
  62. Rippon, S. (2018) Kingdom, Civitas, and County: The Evolution of Territorial Identity in the English Landscape. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  63. Bell, M. (2012) Ibid.
  64. Wade-Martins, P. (2016) Ibid.
  65. Davies, J.A. (1996) Where eagles dare: the Iron Age of Norfolk. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 62.
  66. Grigg, E. (2015) Ibid.
  67. Griggs, E (2024) personal comment.
  68. Grigg, E. (2015) Ibid.
  69. Chadwick, A.M. (2016) Ibid.
  70. Tilley, C. (2010) Interpreting Landscapes: Geologies, Topographies, Identities; Explorations in Landscape Phenomenology 3. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press.
  71. Barrett, J. (1999). “The mythical landscape of the British Iron Age” in Archaeologies of Landscape: contemporary perspectives, eds. W. Ashmore and A.B. Knapp. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
  72. Harding, D.W. (2016) Death and Burial in Iron Age Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Table source material

Brudenell, M. (2013) An Introduction to Late Bronze Age and Iron Age Prehistoric Pottery of Cambridgeshire. In J. Woolverton (Ed.), Jigsaw Cambridgeshire Best Practice Users’ Guide.

Baker, M. (2019) The Devil’s Dyke: its Wildlife, History, and Restoration. British Wildlife, 30(4), April 2019.

Malim, T., Penn, K., Robinson, B., Wait, G. A., and Welsh, K. (1997) “New Evidence on the Cambridgeshire Dykes and Worsted Street Roman Road.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 85.

Hodgson, G.M. (2022) The Lost Kingdom: The Survival of a Post-Roman Enclave in Hertfordshire until the Seventh Century. Published online.

Grigg, E. (2015) Early Medieval Dykes of Norfolk. PhD thesis. University of Manchester.

Malim, T., Penn, K., Robinson, B., Wait, G. A., and Welsh, K. (1996) “New Evidence on the Cambridgeshire Dykes and Worsted Street Roman Road.” Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 85.

Ladd, S. and Mortimer, R. (2017) The Bran Ditch: Early Iron Age Origins and Implications for Prehistoric Territories in South Cambridgeshire and the East Chilterns. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society, 106.

Pevsner, N. (1962) The buildings of England: Norfolk 2: North-west and south Norfolk, Hardmondsworth, Penguin.

Bates, S., Hoggett, R. and Schwenninger, J. (2008) An Archaeological Excavation at Devil’s Ditch, Riddlesworth and Garboldisham, Norfolk, Unpublished excavation report, Report 1436, BAU 1307, Norfolk Archaeological Unit, Norwich.

Grigg, (2015) Grigg, E. (2015) Early Medieval Dykes of Norfolk. PhD thesis. University of Manchester.

Rippon, S. (2018) Kingdom, Civitas, and County. The Evolution of Territorial Identity in the English Landscape. Oxford University Press.

Reid, A. and Wade-Martins, P. (1980) A re-examination of the Panworth Ditch, Ashill, Norfolk Archaeology, 37, 307-312.

Ashwin, T., Flitcroft, M. and Percival, S. (1999) The Launditch and its setting, Norfolk Archaeology, XLIII (43), Part II 217-256.

Norfolk Heritage Explorer. Parish Summary: Marham [online] https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?TNF370

Wade-Martins, P. (1974) The Linear Earthworks of West Norfolk, Norfolk Archaeology, 36.

Additional source information

Cunliffe, B. (1976a) Iron Age Communities in Britain: An Account of England, Scotland and Wales from the Seventh Century BC until the Roman Conquest. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Fernández‑Götz, M. (2014) Identity and Power: The Transformation of Iron Age Societies in Northeast Gaul. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Truscoe, K.M. (2021) The landscape settings of three Iron Age “territorial oppida” in southern Britain: a study carried out using aerial photographs and LiDAR. PhD thesis, Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, January

Finn, C. (2020) Hawkes, Christopher. In: Smith, C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. Springer, Cham.

Lock, G. (2011) Hillforts, emotional metaphors, and the good life: a response to Armit. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society.

Carr, G. & Knüsel, C. (1997) The ritual framework of excarnation by exposure as the mortuary practice of the early and middle Iron Ages of central southern Britain. In: A. Gwilt & C. Haselgrove (eds), Reconstructing Iron Age Societies: New Approaches to the British Iron Age. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Carver, M. (2010) Agency, Intellect and the Archaeological Agenda. In: M. Carver, A. Sanmark & S. Semple (eds), Signals of Belief in Early England. Oxford: Oxbow Books.

Saxerbo Sjöberg, K. (2012) Iron Age Religion in Britain: Classical Texts versus Archaeology. Bachelor thesis, Gotland University.

Central Bedfordshire Council. (2015) Central Bedfordshire Landscape Character Assessment. HER 113, Historic Environment Record for Bedfordshire.

Fenton‑Thomas, C. (2008) Mobile and Enclosed Landscapes on the Yorkshire Wolds. In: A.M. Chadwick (ed.), Recent Approaches to the Archaeology of Land Allotment. BAR International Series S1875. Oxford: Archaeopress.